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Bond Issuance

The code for this tutorial can be found in example/bond.

This shows how to leverage the Noto and Pente domains together in order to build a bond issuance process, illustrating multiple aspects of Paladin's privacy capabilities.

Bond issuance

Running the example

Follow the Getting Started instructions to set up a Paldin environment, and then follow the example README to run the code.

Explanation

Below is a walkthrough of each step in the example, with an explanation of what it does.

Create cash token

const notoFactory = new NotoFactory(paladin1, "noto");
const notoCash = await notoFactory.newNoto(cashIssuer, {
  notary: cashIssuer,
  restrictMinting: true,
});

This creates a new instance of the Noto domain, which will translate to a new cloned contract on the base ledger, with a new unique address. This Noto token will be used to represent tokenized cash.

The token will be notarized by the cash issuer party, meaning that all transactions will be sent to this party for endorsement. The Noto domain code at the notary will automatically verify that each transaction is valid - no custom policies will be applied.

Minting is restricted to be requested only by the notary.

Issue cash

await notoCash.mint(cashIssuer, {
  to: investor,
  amount: 100000,
  data: "0x",
});

The cash issuer mints cash to the investor party. As the notary of the cash token, they are allowed to do this.

Create issuer+custodian private group

const penteFactory = new PenteFactory(paladin1, "pente");
const issuerCustodianGroup = await penteFactory.newPrivacyGroup(bondIssuer, {
  group: {
    salt: newGroupSalt(),
    members: [bondIssuer, bondCustodian],
  },
  evmVersion: "shanghai",
  endorsementType: "group_scoped_identities",
  externalCallsEnabled: true,
});

This creates a new instance of the Pente domain, which will be a private EVM group shared by the bond issuer and bond custodian. Each transaction proposed in this private EVM will need to be endorsed by both participants, and then the new state of the private EVM can be hashed and recorded on the base ledger contract.

As will be shown in future steps, any EVM logic can be deployed into this private EVM group.

Create public bond tracker

await paladin1.sendTransaction({
  type: TransactionType.PUBLIC,
  abi: bondTrackerPublicJson.abi,
  bytecode: bondTrackerPublicJson.bytecode,
  function: "",
  from: bondIssuerUnqualified,
  data: {
    owner: issuerCustodianGroup.address,
    issueDate_: issueDate,
    maturityDate_: maturityDate,
    currencyToken_: notoCash.address,
    faceValue_: 1,
  },
});

This sends a public EVM transaction to deploy the public bond tracker. This is equivalent to performing a deploy directly on the base ledger, without any special handling for privacy.

The public bond tracker is used to advertise public information about our bond, such as its face value, issue date, and maturity date. It will also be updated with publically-visible events throughout the bond's lifetime.

Create private bond tracker

await newBondTracker(issuerCustodianGroup, bondIssuer, {
  name: "BOND",
  symbol: "BOND",
  custodian: bondCustodianAddress,
  publicTracker: bondTrackerPublicAddress,
});

The private bond tracker is an ERC-20 token, and implements the INotoHooks interface.

Noto supports using a Pente private smart contract to define "hooks" which are executed inline with every mint/transfer. This provides a flexible (and EVM-native) means of writing custom policies that are enforced by the notary. In this case, the notary tracks the bond value as an ERC-20. Every mint and transfer of the Noto token will be reflected on this private ERC-20, and anything that causes the ERC-20 to revert will cause the Noto operation to revert. This private tracker is only visible to the bond issuer and custodian, but will be atomically linked to the Noto token in the next step.

Create bond token

const notoBond = await notoFactory.newNoto(bondIssuer, {
  notary: bondCustodian,
  hooks: {
    privateGroup: issuerCustodianGroup.group,
    publicAddress: issuerCustodianGroup.address,
    privateAddress: bondTracker.address,
  },
  restrictMinting: false,
});

Now that the public and private tracking contracts have been deployed, the actual Noto token for the bond can be created. The "hooks" configuration points it to the private hooks contract that was deployed in the previous step.

For this token, "restrictMinting" is disabled, because the hooks can enforce more flexible rules on both mint and transfer.

Issue bond to custodian

await notoBond.mint(bondIssuer, {
  to: bondCustodian,
  amount: 1000,
  data: "0x",
});

This issues the bond to the bond custodian.

The Noto "mint" request will be prepared and encoded within a call to the "onMint" hook in the private bond tracker contract. The logic in that contract will validate that the mint is allowed, and then will trigger two external calls on the base ledger: 1) to perform the Noto mint, and 2) to notify the public bond tracker that issuance has started.

Begin distribution of bond

await bondTracker.using(paladin2).beginDistribution(bondCustodian, {
  discountPrice: 1,
  minimumDenomination: 1,
});
const investorRegistry = await bondTracker.investorRegistry(bondIssuer);
await investorRegistry
  .using(paladin2)
  .addInvestor(bondCustodian, { addr: investorAddress });

This allows the bond custodian to begin distributing the bond to potential investors. Each investor must be added to the allow list before they will be allowed to subscribe to the bond.

Both the bond tracker and the investor registry are private contracts, visible only within the privacy group between the issuer and custodian.

Create investor+custodian private group

const investorCustodianGroup = await penteFactory
  .using(paladin3)
  .newPrivacyGroup(investor, {
    group: {
      salt: newGroupSalt(),
      members: [investor, bondCustodian],
    },
    evmVersion: "shanghai",
    endorsementType: "group_scoped_identities",
    externalCallsEnabled: true,
  });

This create another instance of the Pente domain, scoped to only the investor and the custodian.

Create private bond subscription

const bondSubscription = await newBondSubscription(
  investorCustodianGroup,
  investor,
  {
    bondAddress_: notoBond.address,
    units_: 100,
    custodian_: bondCustodianAddress,
  }
);

An investor may request to subscribe to the bond by creating a private subscription contract in their private EVM with the bond custodian.

Prepare tokens for exchange

const paymentTransfer = await notoCash
  .using(paladin3)
  .prepareTransfer(investor, {
    to: bondCustodian,
    amount: 100,
    data: "0x",
  });

const bondTransfer1 = await notoBond
  .using(paladin2)
  .prepareTransfer(bondCustodian, {
    to: investor,
    amount: 100,
    data: "0x",
  });
txID = await paladin2.prepareTransaction(bondTransfer1.transaction);
const bondTransfer2 = await paladin2.pollForPreparedTransaction(txID, 10000);

The investor prepares (but does not submit) a cash payment. This results in a public transaction containing prepared UTXO states. The transaction can be delegated to another party or contract to allow them to execute the payment transfer.

The bond custodian prepares a similar transaction for the bond transfer. Because the bond token uses Pente hooks, the result of the first "prepare" is a private Pente transaction. This can be prepared again to receive a public transaction that wraps both the Pente hook transition and the Noto bond token transfer.

Share the prepared transactions with the private contract

await bondSubscription.using(paladin3).preparePayment(investor, {
  to: paymentTransfer.transaction.to,
  encodedCall: paymentTransfer.metadata?.transferWithApproval?.encodedCall,
});

const encodedBondTransfer = new ethers.Interface([
  bondTransfer2.metadata.transitionWithApproval.functionABI,
]).encodeFunctionData("transitionWithApproval", [
  bondTransfer2.transaction.data.txId,
  bondTransfer2.transaction.data.states,
  bondTransfer2.transaction.data.externalCalls,
]);
await bondSubscription.using(paladin2).prepareBond(bondCustodian, {
  to: bondTransfer2.transaction.to,
  encodedCall: encodedBondTransfer,
});

The preparePayment and prepareBond methods on the bond subscription contract allow the respective parties to encode their prepared transactions, in preparation for triggering an atomic DvP (delivery vs. payment).

Approve delegation via the private contract

await notoCash.using(paladin3).approveTransfer(investor, {
  inputs: encodeNotoStates(paymentTransfer.states.spent ?? []),
  outputs: encodeNotoStates(paymentTransfer.states.confirmed ?? []),
  data: paymentTransfer.metadata.approvalParams.data,
  delegate: investorCustodianGroup.address,
});

await issuerCustodianGroup.approveTransition(
  bondCustodianUnqualified,
  {
    txId: newTransactionId(),
    transitionHash: bondTransfer2.metadata.approvalParams.transitionHash,
    signatures: bondTransfer2.metadata.approvalParams.signatures,
    delegate: investorCustodianGroup.address,
  }
);

In order for the private subscription contract to be able to facilitate the token exchange, the base ledger address of the investor+custodian group must be designated as the approved delegate for both the payment transfer and the bond transfer.

In the case of the payment, we use the approveTransfer method of Noto. For the bond, which uses Pente custom logic to wrap the Noto token, we use the approveTransition method of Pente.

Distribute the bond units by performing swap

await bondSubscription.using(paladin2).distribute(bondCustodian, {
  units_: 100,
});

Finally, the custodian uses the distribute method on the bond subscription contract to trigger the exchange of the bond and payment.

This private transaction will trigger the previously-prepared transactions for the cash transfer and the bond transfer, and it will also trigger an external call to the public bond tracker to decrease the advertised available supply of the bond.

Conclusion

This scenario shows how to work with the following concepts:

  • Basic Noto tokens
  • Noto tokens with custom hooks via Pente
  • Multiple Pente privacy groups used for sharing private data
  • Pente private smart contracts that trigger external calls to contracts on the base ledger

By using these features together, it's possible to build a robust issuance process that tracks all state on the base EVM ledger, while still keeping all private data scoped to only the proper parties.